Exercise and The Mind: Exploring Psychophysiological Mechanisms Underlying The Mental Health Benefits of Physical Activity
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Abstract
Exercise or Physical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized as a potent, multidimensional intervention for promoting mental health and mitigating symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. This review synthesizes evidence from psychophysiological and biopsychosocial perspectives, highlighting the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being. Chronic exercise modulates neuroendocrine function, reduces systemic inflammation, enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and improves autonomic balance, collectively supporting neuroplasticity and emotional regulation. Concurrently, psychological benefits such as increased self-efficacy, body image, coping skills, and reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms are reinforced, particularly in group-based settings that foster social support, cohesion, and exercise identity. Integrating these biological, psychological, and social pathways, physical activity functions as a sustainable, non-pharmacological strategy to optimize long-term mental health outcomes. This multidimensional model underscores the critical role of structured exercise interventions as an accessible and scalable approach to enhance resilience and overall well-being across populations.
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